Think aloud
과업을 진행하는 동안 머리 속으로 떠오르는 생각들을 소리내어 말하기. 사용성 테스트, 심리학 연구, 사회학 연구 등에서 쓰인다.
Think-Aloud Problem Solving (TAPS)
History:
The TAPS task originated in classic research on the psychology of problem solving by Edouard Claparede (1917) and Karl Duncker (1945). In their studies, research participants thought out loud while working puzzles…. In the recent work on expertise, TAPS has been used widely, and with considerable success, in the study of expert-novice differences. For instance, the classic Chi, Feltovich, and Glaser (1981) study of physics problems engaged participants (advanced graduate students) in mechanics problems (involving weights, pulleys, etc.) and had them think out loud. Results revealed the breadth and depth of expert knowledge and how they “pre-think” problems by first developing an understanding of problems in terms of the pertinent physical principles. Novices (undergraduates) tended to just dive in and try to determine what equation to solve based on literal problem features. —Chapter 6, Working minds
The TAPS Procedure:
In their book Protocol analysis: verbal reports as data, Ericsson and Simon (1984) present a detailed discussion of the TAPS method and the associated procedure for analyzing TAPS data. The basic of the method are simple, and can be applied to just about any task. Participants are instructed to speak their thoughts as they work on problems, and do so as if they are “speaking to themselves.” They are not to try and plan or to explain what they say. They are not necessarily to talk about their thoughts or feelings (which is introspection) but about the problem (which is task explication) (Ericsson 1996)…. In addition to thinking aloud during the task, participants can also be presented probe questions afterward, in a procedure of retrospection. —Chapter 6, Working minds
The data from TAPS consist largely of a record of the participant’s verbalizations. The data record is often in the form of an audiotape recording. That has to be transcribed and then coded in some way. The procedure for coding a protocol is referred to as Protocol Analysis (PA). —Chapter 6, Working minds